Thursday, 4 February 2016

Engineering Qualifications Granted by Engineering Universities/Institutions in Pakistan

PEC REGISTERED  UNIVERSITIES 

First Schedule:
(Updated SRO No. 1192(I)/2015 Dated December 2, 2015)

(Accredited Engineering Qualifications Granted by Engineering Universities/Institutions in Pakistan)
See Explanatory Note below
Sr.LocationNo. of Univ/InstituteNo. of Engg. Program
1.ISLAMABAD2143
2.PUNJAB44121
3.KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA1752
4.SINDH2391
5.BALOCHISTAN213
6.AJ&K15
Total113340
Locate an institute in [ISLAMABAD] [PUNJAB] [KHYBER-PAKHTUNKHWA] [SINDH] [BALOCHISTAN] [AJ&K]
Following Engineering Programs of various Universities/Institutions inside Pakistan are accredited by Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC):-
  1. Air University, Islamabad
    1. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronic/Telecommunication/Power) From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011. 
    2. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronic/Telecommunication) From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2009. 
    3. Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2011).
    4. Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (from Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    5. Bachelor of Electronics Engineering (Intake of Batch Fall 2002 only). 
  2. Bahria University, Islamabad (Main Campus)
    1. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronics/Telecomunication) - From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2012.
    2. Bachelor of Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2001 upto 2012).
    3. Bachelor of Software Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2012).
  3. Center for Advanced Study in Engineering, Islamabad (University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Computer or Telecommunication) (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2013).
  4. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Main Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical (Computer) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2009 upto Spring-2011).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical (Telecommunication) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto 2012).
    3. B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1999 upto Spring-2009).
  5. Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Islamabad (Main Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Electronics) (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011).
  6. Hamdard Institute of Engineering and Technology, Islamabad Campus (Hamdard University, Karachi)
    1. B.E. Electrical (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2010)
    2. B.E. Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2006-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university).
    3. B.E. Electronic (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2006-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university).
  7. Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
    1. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Aerospace Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto 2011).
    2. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Communication Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto 2010).
    3. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Materials Science & Engineering (From intake of Batch 2008 upto 2013).
  8. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - Institute of Civil Engineering, Islamabad
    1. B.E. Civil (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2011).
  9. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - Institute of Civil Engineering, Islamabad
    1. B.E. Civil (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2011).
  10. International Islamic University, Islamabad.
    1. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2011).
    2. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2012).
  11. Islamic International Engineering College, Islamabad (Riphah International University, Islamabad)
    1. B.Sc. Biomedical Engineering - (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical (Electronics) Engineering (Intake of Batch 2003 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college), and Intake of Batches 2009 upto 2012.
      The intake of batches from 2004 upto 2008 were not inducted/accredited by the institute/PEC..
    3. B.Sc. Electrical (Communication) Engineering - (From Intake of Batch 1999 upto 2012).
    4. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Communication) - Intake Year 1999 to Intake Year 2002 (Formerly Islamic International Engineering College (UET Taxila), Rawalpindi).
  12. Iqra University, Islamabad Campus (Iqra University, Karachi) 
    1. B.E. Electronics (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2010.)
  13. Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Campus (Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi) 
    1. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto 2013).
    2. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2011 only). 
  14. National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Main Campus).
    1. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    2. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Telecommunication Engineering (For Intake of Batch 2002- only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2008.
  15. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Islamabad
    1. Bachelor of Information & Communication Systems Engineering  (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2010), including Intake of Batch Fall-2003 only, enrolled at NUST Institute of Information Technology (NIIT), Rawalpindi.  
    2. Bachelor of Engineering (Electronic Engineering) - (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2008),including Intake of Batch Fall-2004 only, enrolled at NUST Institute of Information Technology (NIIT), Rawalpindi. 
    3. Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical (From intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    4. Bachelor of Engineering in Software (Intake of Batch 2010 only).
  16. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Islamabad
    1. Bachelor in Environmental Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2011).
  17. National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad (Main Campus)
    1. B.E. Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch Fall-2006 upto Spring-2012).
  18. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Islamabad  
    1. B.E. Chemical (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2012).
    2. B.E. Materials (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2013).
  19. Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Islamabad.
    1.  B.S. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    2. B.S. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
  20. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Islamabad
    1. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
  21. The University of Lahore, Lahore (Islamabad Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Intake of Batch 2011 only)
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2012).
  22. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - Institute of Geographical Information Systems, Islamabad
    1. B.E. Geoinformatics (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011).
  23. Army Public College of Management and Science, Rawalpindi (University of Engineering and Technology Taxila)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batches Spring-2009 upto Fall-2012).
    2. B.E. Electrical (Electronics or Telecommunication)
      (i.) From Intake of Batches 2007 upto 2008 - only such graduates who have qualified remedial education verified by the university, including enrollment at National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad.

      (ii.) From Intake of Batches 2003 upto 2006 - only such graduates who have qualified remedial education verified by the university, including enrollment at National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad (vide order passed by the Honorable Islamabad High Court in Writ Petition No.3348 of 2010 dated June 25,2015).
  24. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad (Lahore Campus)
    1. B.S. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2005 upto Fall-2010).
    2. Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Spring-2002 Upto Spring-2009).
    3. Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Computer) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2009 upto Spring-2011).
    4. Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Telecommunication) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Spring 2004 upto Spring-2011).
  25. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Wah Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical (Computer) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Spring-2009 upto Fall 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2001 upto Fall-2008).
    3. B.Sc. Electrical (Telecommunication) Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
  26. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Attock Campus
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch Fall-2011 only).
  27. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad (Sahiwal Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering ( Intake of Batch 2010 only).
  28. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - College of Electrical And Mechanical Engineering, Rawalpindi Campus
    1. B.E. Electrical (From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2011).
    2. B.E. Mechanical (From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2011).
    3. B.E. Computer (From Intake of Batch 1996 upto 2014).
    4. B.E. Mechatronics (From Intake of Batch 1998 upto 2011).
  29. College of Engineering and Emerging Technologies, Lahore (University of the Punjab, Lahore)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2010).
    2. B.Sc. Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2010).
  30. Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi
    1. B.Sc. Software Engineering (Intake of Batch 2004,2005 and 2009 only).
      (From Intake of Batches 2000 upto 2003 & 2006 upto 2008- only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university).
  31. Foundation University Institute of Engineering and Management Sciences, Rawalpindi (Foundation University Islamabad)
    1. B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2011)
    2. B.Sc. Software Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2007).
  32. Government College University, Faisalabad
    1. B.Sc. Electrical (Telecommunication) Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011)
    2. B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering (Intake of Batch 2004-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2008.
  33. Government College University, Lahore
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Telecommunication) (Intake of Batch 2006 upto 2007 -onlysuch graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2009).
  34. HITEC University, Taxila Cantt
    1. B.S. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011).
    2. B.S. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011).
  35. Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rawalpindi Campus (Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad)
    1. B.E. Telecommunication (Intake of Batch 2000 upto 2002 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the univeristy/college) and intake of Batch 2003 upto 2005.
  36. Institut   e of Engineering and Technology, Lahore Campus (Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad)
    1. B.E. Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2000 upto 2003 -only such graudates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college), and intake of Batch 2004 upto 2005.
  37. Institute of Quality and Technology Management, Lahore (University of the Punjab, Lahore)
    1. B.Sc. Industrial Engineering & Management (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2013).
  38. Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Lahore (University of the Punjab, Lahore) (Quaid-e-Azam Campus)
    1. B.Sc. (Engg). Chemical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2012).
    2. B.Sc. Engg. Metallurgy & Materials Science (Upto Intake of Batch 2004 only). 
    3. M.Sc. Tech upto 1968 thereafter B.Sc. Engg. (Chemical, Mining, Metallurgical Engineering).
  39. Institute of Advanced Materials, Bahauddin Zakaraya University, Multan
    1. B.Sc. Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2010).
  40. Lahore College for Women University, Lahore (Main Campus)
    1. B.E Electronics (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2010).
  41. Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore. Sciences, Lahore.
    1. B.S. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2010).
  42. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - Military College of Signals, Rawalpindi Campus
    1. B.E. Electrical (Communication) From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2012.
    2. B.E. Computer Software (From Intake of Batch 1996 upto 2014).
  43. National Textile University, Faisalabad (Former National College of Textile Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore)
    1. B.Sc. Polymer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011)
    2. B.Sc. Textile Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011), and the graduates of intake Batch from 1998 to 2003, including enrolment at NCTE, Faisalabad.

      The Students enrolled at NCTE, Faisalabad (affiliated with University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore) passing out in the Year 2000 and after.          
  44. National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Lahore Campus)
    1. Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Electrical (Electronics/Telecommunication/Computer) Engineering (from Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    2. Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Computer Engineering From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2008.
    3. Bachelor of Science (B.S) in Telecommunication Engineering (Intake of Batch Fall-2002 -only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2008.
  45. NFC Institute of Engineering & Fertilizer Research, Faisalabad (University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore)
    1. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2010).
    2. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1998 upto 2011).
    3. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2010).
    4. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Intake of Batch 2010 only.)
  46. NFC Institute of Engineering and Technological Training, Multan (Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan
    1. B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2010).
    2. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2010).
    3. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2009).
    4. B.Sc. Electrical (Power) Engineering (Intake of Batch 2010 only).
  47. Rachna College of Engineering and Technology, Gujranwala (University of Engineering and technology Lahore)
    1. B.Sc. Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering (Intake of Batches 2003 & Fall-2003-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college), and Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011.
    2. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Intake of Batches 2003 and Fall-2003-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college), and intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011.
    3. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2003 & Fall-2003-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college) and Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2012.
  48. School of Engineering, University of Management & Technology, Lahore (Formally School of Science and Technology, University of Management & Technology, Lahore)
    1. B.S. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
      (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2008 with School of Science and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore)
  49. Swedish College of Engineering and Technology, Rahim Yar Khan(The Islamia University of Bahawalpur)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical (Electronics/Power) Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2010 only) (University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore)
  50. Swedish College of Engineering and Technology, Wah Cantt. (University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila)
    1. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2012).
    3. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2012).
  51. The University of Central Punjab, Lahore
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Intake of batch 2011 only).
  52. The University of Lahore, Lahore (Main Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall- 2003 upto 2010).
    2. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering ( From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2012).
    3. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Batch Fall-2009 upto 2011).
  53. The Superior College, Lahore
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2012).
  54. The Hajvery University, Lahore
    1. B.E. Electrical (Electronics and Telecommunication) From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2009.
  55. University of South Asia, Lahore
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2007).
    2. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2006 upto 2007).
  56. University College of Agriculture, Multan  (Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan)
    1. B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2009).
  57. University College of Engineering and Technology, Multan (Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan)
    1. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1994 upto 2010).
    2. B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2009), and Intake of Batch 2006-only such graduates who have completed remedial education/cources verified by the university).
    3. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1997 upto 2004 and 2007 upto 2009), and intake of batches 2005 and 2006 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education/courses verified by the university.
    4. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2010).
    5. B.Sc. Building and Architectural Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2010).
    6. B.Sc. Architectural Engineering (Intake of Batch 2004 only).
  58. University College of Textile Engineering (Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan)
    1. B.Sc. Textile Engineering (From Intake Batch 2004 upto 2009).
  59. University College of Engineering and Technology, Bahawalpur (The Islamia University of Bahawalpur)
    1. B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2010).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical (Power) Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2010).
    3. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2010).
      (Intake of Batches 1999, 2000, 2001 & 2002-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college).
    4. B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2010).
  60. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
    1. B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
  61. University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila (Main Campus)
    1. B.Sc Environmental Engieering (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011).
    3. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    4. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    5. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    6. B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2011).
    7. B.Sc. Software Engineering (Intake of Batch 2002 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2011.
    8. B.Sc. Industrial Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2013).
    9. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2012).
  62. University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila (Chakwal Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Mechatronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2005 upto 2011) (excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).
    2. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2005 upto 2011) (excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).
  63. University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Main Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2012).
    2. B.Sc. Computer Science and Engineering (Intake of Batch 2001 and 2002 only).
    3. B.Sc. Building & Architectural Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2008 only). 
    4. B.Sc. Architectural Engineering (Intake of Batch 2001 & 2002 and From Intake of Batches 2009 upto 2012). 
    5. B.Sc. Petroleum & Gas Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    6. B.Sc. Polymer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2011 upto 2012).
    7. B.Sc. Geological Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2011).
    8. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Polymer) - From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2010.
    9. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    10. B.Sc.  Mining Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    11. B.Sc. Metallurgical & Materials Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    12. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    13. B.Sc. Environmental Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2012). 
    14. B.Sc. Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1999 upto 2011). 
    15. B.Sc. Mechatronics & Control Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2012)
    16. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011). 
    17. B.Sc. Transportation Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2011).
    18. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
  64. University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (Faisalabad Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Electronic & Communication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2006).
    3. B.Sc. Mechatronics & Control Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011).
    4. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2011).
  65. University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore (Kala Shah Kaku Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011).
    3. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2013).
  66. The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad
    1. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Telecommunication or Electronic) - (From Intake of Batch Fall-2002 upto Spring 2004-only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university), and Intake of Batch Fall- 2004 upto 2005.
    2. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Electronics) - From Intake of Batch 2006 upto 2011.
    3. Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Computer System) - Intake of Batch 2011 only.
    4. Bachelor of Engineering in Textile (From intake of Batch 2005 upto 2009).
    5. Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011).
  67. University of Gujrat, Gujrat
    1. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011).
  68. Plastics Technology Centre, Karachi (Constituent College of National Textile University, Faisalabad)
    1. B.E. Polymer (Intake of Batch 2010 only).
      2.  The students enrolled at Plastic Technology Centre, Karachi (affiliated with Hamdard Uiversity, Karachi) from Intake of Batches 2004 upto 2006 only).
  69. Sharif College of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (affiliated with University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2011 only).
    2. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2011 only).
  70. University of Wah, Wah Cantt.
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011).
    3. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Intake of Batch 2010 only).
    4. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2008), including enrolment at Wah Engineering College, Wah Cantt.(affiliated with University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila).
    5. B.Sc. Mechatronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2010)
      (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2008, including enrolment at Wah Engineering College, Wah Cantt. (affiliated with University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila).
    6. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011)
      (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2009), including enrolment at Wah Engineering College, Wah Cantt. (affiliated with University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila).
  71. CECOS University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar
    1. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2011).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2011).
    3. B.Sc. Civil Engineering. Intake Year 1997. The Petitioners of W.P No. 119/04.
    4. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering. Intake Year 1997. The Petitioners of W.P No. 119/04.
    5. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2012 only).
  72. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - College of Aeronautical Engineering, Risalpur Campus
    1. B.E. Aerospace (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    2. B.E. Avionics (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
  73. COMSATS Institute of Information Technology,  Islamabad (Abbottabad Campus)
    1. Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2001 upto Spring- 2009).
    2. Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto Spring-2009).
    3. Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Power) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2007 upto Fall-2011).
    4. Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Electronics) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2009 upto Fall-2011).
    5. Bachelor of Science in Electrical (Computer) Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2009 upto Fall 2011).
  74. City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar.
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Telecommunication) - From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2011.
  75. Gandhara Institute of Science & Technology, PGS Engineering College (University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar)
    1. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2010).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 to 2011). excluding Intke of Batch 2010, which was not inducted by the Institute
  76. Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi - Swabi
    1. B.Sc. Materials Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2008)
    2. B.Sc. Materials Engineering (Manufacturing) (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2009).
    3. B.Sc. Metallurgy and Materials Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2006).
    4. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    5. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2010).
    6. B.Sc. Computer Software Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2010).
    7. B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1993 upto 2010).
    8. B.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Upto Intake of Batch 2010).
  77. Iqra National  University, Peshawar (Formerly Iqra University, Karachi (Peshawar Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2009).
      (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2004 - only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university)
    2. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011).
    3. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011).
  78. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - Military College of Engineering, Risalpur Campus 
    1. B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2012).
  79. National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Peshawar Campus)
    1. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
    2. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2008).
  80. University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar (Main Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Industrial Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2006 upto 2012).
    2. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1995 upto 2011).
    3. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2013).
    4. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    5. B.Sc. Computer Information Systems Engineering (From Intake Year 1999 to 2000).
    6. B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2011).
    7. B.Sc. Agricultural Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2013).
    8. B.Sc. Mining Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    9. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    10. B.Sc. Mechatronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2012).
  81. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar (Mardan Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2012).
    2. B.Sc. Computer Software Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2012).
  82. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar (Bannu Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2010).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2011).
  83. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, (Abbottabad Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011).
  84. University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar (Kohat Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Intake of Batch 2009 (Spring & Fall) only).
  85. Peshawar College of Engineering, Peshawar (NWFP University of Engineering & Technology, Peshawar)
    1. B.Sc. Computer Systems Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2004).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 1999 upto 2010).
  86. Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar
    1. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2010).
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2012).
    3. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2010).
  87. Abasyn University, Peshawar
    1. B.E. Electrical (Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2012).
  88. University of Science and Technology, Bannu
    1. B.Sc. Electrical (Telecommunication Engineering) Intake of Batch 2011 only.
    2. B.Sc. Software Engineering (Intake of Batch 2011 only).
  89. Bahria University, Islamabad (Karachi Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Electronics/Telecommunication) - From Intake of Batch Fall-2005 upto Fall-2011.
    2. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Computer) - From Intake of Batch Fall-2009 upto Spring-2010 only.
    3. B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Spring-2002 upto Spring-2009).
    4. B.Sc. Software Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2000 upto 2011).
  90. Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi
    1. B.E.(Industrial Engineering and Management) Intake of Batches 2005, 2008 upto 2010 (excluding Intake of Batches 2006 and 2007 which were not inducted/accredited by the University/PEC).

      [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro from Intake of Batch year 2000, including 1996-97 Batch in which 1995-96 Batch was merged].

      [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro from Intake of Batches 1997 upto 2004 only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college].
    2. B.E. Electronics (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2012).

      [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, from Intake of Batch year 2000, including 1996-97 Batch in which 1995-96 batch was merged, upto Intake of Batch 2004]
    3. B.E. Chemical (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2011).

      [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, from Intake of Batch year 2000, including 1996-97 Batch in which 1995-96 batch was merged, upto Intake of Batch 2004].
    4. B.E. (Metallurgy and Materials Engineering) (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2011).

      [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, from Intake of Batch year 2000, including 1996-97 Batch in which 1995-96 batch was merged, and Intake of Batch 2004].  

      [Formerly Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi in affiliation with Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, from Entry Year 2002 (Batch 01 and 02) and Entry Year 2003 only such graduates who have completed remedial education verified by the university/college].  
  91. Hamdard Institute of Engineering and Technology, Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi)
    1. B.E. Bio-Medical (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2010).
    2. B.E. Energy (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2010).
    3. B.E. Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011).
    4. B.E. Computer System (From Intake of Batch Fall-2000 upto 2010, excluding Intake of Batches 2005 to 2007, which were not inducted by the university).
    5. B.E. Electronics (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011).  
  92. Iqra University, Karachi (Main Campus)
    1. B.E Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011).
    2. B.E. Electronics (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2010, excluding Batch-2003 which was not inducted by the university).
  93. Indus University, Karachi (Formerly Indus Institute of Higher Education, Karachi)
    1. B.E. Electrical (Electronics) (Eleven (11) graduates of Intake of Batches 2008, 2009 and 2010 only who have completed/passed remedial education verified by the university and PEC.
  94. Institute of Business Management, Karachi
    1. B.E. Electrical (Telecommunication/Electronics) (Intake of Batch 2011 only).
    2. B.S. Industrial Engineering & Management (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2008,excluding Intake Batch 2006 which was not admitted by the institute).
  95. Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering (PCSIR), Karachi (NED-University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi)
    1. B.E. Industrial Electronics (Upto Intake of Batch 2009-10).
  96. Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro
    1. B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2013).
    2. B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2013).
    3. B.E. Mechanical (upto Intake of Batch 2013).
    4. B.E. Electronics (Upto Intake of Batch 2013). 
    5. B.E. Industrial (Upto Intake of Batch 2013).
    6. B.E. Petroleum & Natural Gas (Upto Intake of Batch 2011). 
    7. B.E. Computer System (Upto Intake of Batch 2013). 
    8. B.E. Chemical (Upto Intake of Batch 2013).
    9. B.E. Metallurgical (Upto Intake of Batch 2012). 
    10. B.E. Mining (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    11. B.E. Textile (From Intake of Batch 1993 Upto 2013).
    12. B.E. Telecommunication (From Intake of Batch 2001 upto 2011).
    13. B.E. Software (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2012).
    14. B.E. Bio-Medical (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2013).
    15. B.E. Environmental Engineering & Management  (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011).
  97. Mehran University of Engineering and Technology- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Campus Khairpur Mirs (Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro)
    1. B.E. Petroleum & Natural Gas (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2012).
    2. B.E. Civil (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2012).
    3. B.E. Electrical (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011).
    4. B.E. Mechanical (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2012).
  98. National University of Computer & Emerging Sciences, Islamabad (Karachi Campus)
    1. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Electrical Engineering(Electronics) (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2012.)
    2. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2006).
    3. Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2008).
  99. NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi
    1. B.E. Metallurgical (From Intake of Batch 2007-08 upto 2009-10).
    2. B.E. Polymer & Petrochemical (From Intake of Batch 2007-08 upto 2009-10).
    3. B.E. Automotive (From Intake of Batch 2005-06 upto 2010-11).
    4. B.E. Bio-Medical (From Intake of Batch 2005-06 upto 2010-11).
    5. B.E. Electronic (From Intake of Batch 1998-99 upto 2010-11).
    6. B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2010-11).
    7. B.E. Petroleum (From Intake of Batch 2004-05 upto 2010-11).
    8. B.E. Urban (From Intake of Batch 2001-02 upto 2011- 12).
    9. B.E. Telecommunications (From Intake of Batch 2002-03 upto 2011-12).
    10. B.E. Mechanical (Upto Intake of Batch 2010-11).
    11. B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2009-10).
    12. B.E. Chemical (From Intake of Batch 2006-07 upto 2010-11).
    13. B.E. Computer Systems (Upto Intake of Batch 1998-99).
    14. B.E. Computer & Information Systems (From Intake of Batch 1999-2000 upto 2010-11).
    15. B.E. Textile (From Intake of Batch 1995-96 upto 2011-12).
    16. B.E. Industrial & Manufacturing (From Intake of Batch 1999-2000 upto 2010-11).
    17. B.E. Materials (From Intake of Batch 2006-07 upto 2010-11).
    18. B.E (Chemical, Metallurgical, Electronics, Industrial) awarded to persons enrolled with NED UET upto 1995-96 batch for programs offered at Dawood College of Engineering and Technology, Karachi.
  100. National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad - Pakistan Navy Engineering College, Karachi
    1. B.E. Industrial & Manufacturing (From intake of Batch 2008 upto 2011).
    2. B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2012).
    3. B.E. Mechanical (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    4. B.E. Electronics (From Intake of Batch 1998 upto Spring 2012).
  101. Pakistan Air Force-Karachi Institute of Economics & Technology (PAF-KIET), Karachi
    1.  B.E. Electronics (From Intake of Batch Fall-2003 upto 2011).
  102. Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah
    1. B.E. Electronics (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2012).
    2. B.E Energy & Environment (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2013).
    3. B.E. Computer Systems (From Intake of Batch 1997 upto 2011).
    4. B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    5. B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    6. B.E. Mechanical (Upto Intake of Batch 2012).
  103. Quaid-e-Awam University College of Engineering, Science & Technology, Larkana (QUEST,Nawabshah)
    1. B.E. Electronics (Intake of Batch 2010 only ).
    2. B.E. Civil (Intake of Batch 2010 only).
    3. B.E. Electrical (Intake of Batch 2010 only).
    4. B.E. Mechanical (Intake of Batch 2010 only).
  104. Sir Syed University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
    1. B.S. Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2011).
    2. B.S. Computer Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    3. B.S. Civil Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    4. B.S. Electronics Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
    5. B.S. Bio-Medical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011).
  105. Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam
    1. B.E. Agricultural (Upto Intake of Batch 2010).
  106. Synthetic Fibre Development and Application Centre, Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi)
    1. B.E. Textile (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2006).
  107. Sukkur Institute of Business Administration, Sukkur
    1. Bachelor of Engineering in Telecommunication - From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2008 only.
    2. Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical- From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2011.
    3. Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical (Telecommunication) - Intake of Batch 2009 Only.
  108. Usman Institute of Technology, Karachi (Hamdard University, Karachi)
    1. B.E.Electrical(Electronics,Telecomunication and Computer Systems) (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2011 only)
    2. B.E. Computer Systems (From Intake of Batch 1995 upto 2008 (excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).
    3. B.E. Electronic (Industrial) (Intake of Batch 2004-B and 2005-B).
    4. B.E. Electronic From Intake of Batch 1995 upto 2008-B (excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).
    5. B.E. Telecommunication From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2008 (excluding Intake of Batch 2006, which was not inducted by the university).
  109. University of Karachi, Karachi
    1. B.E. Chemical (From Intake of Batch 2007 upto 2011).
  110. Ziauddin University Karachi
    1. B.E. Bio-Medical (Intake of Batch 2010 only).
  111. Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Karachi

    1. B.E. Mechatronics (From Intake of Batch 2010 upto 2012).

  112. Balochistan University of Engineering & Technology, Khuzdar
    1. B.E. Civil (Upto Intake of Batch 2010).
    2. B.E. Electrical (Upto Intake of Batch 2010).
    3. B.E. Mechanical (Upto Intake of Batch 2010).
    4. B.E. Computer System (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2010).
  113. Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta (Takatoo Campus)
    1. B.Sc. Chemical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2012).
    2. B.Sc. Textile Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011).
    3. B.Sc. Petroleum & Gas Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2011).
    4. B.Sc.Telecommunication Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2012).
    5. B.Sc. Computer Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2002 upto 2012).
    6. B.Sc. Civil Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2012)
    7. B.Sc. Mining Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2012).
    8. B.Sc. Geological Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2008 upto 2011).
    9. B.Sc. Electronics Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2003 upto 2012).
  114. Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur (AJ&K)
    1. B.Sc. Electrical Engineering (Upto Intake of Batch 2011), including enrolment at Ali Ahmed Shah-University College of Engineering and Technology, Mirpur Campus (The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad).
    2. B.Sc. Computer System Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2005 upto 2011), including enrolment at Ali Ahmed Shah-University College of Engineering and Technology, Mirpur Campus (The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad).
    3. B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (From Intake of Batch 2004 upto 2010), including enrolment at Ali Ahmed Shah-University College of Engineering and Technology, Mirpur Campus (The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad).
    4. B.Sc. Civil Engineering
      (From Intake of Batch 2009 upto 2010)
    5. B.Sc. Sofware Engineering
      (Intake of batch 2009 only)

EXPLANATORY NOTE:

All students and specially the parents are requested to see the accreditation status of an engineering program of various Universities/Institutions and the Campuses or affiliated Colleges of the chartered Universities before obtaining admission in such engineering programs. PEC shall only register students graduating form Institutions offering accredited engineering programs. The external links on this page point to the official websites of respective universities (as per information & availability of official link).
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Wednesday, 23 December 2015

Road Safety Facts

Road Safety Facts
  SPEED
  • Risk areas
  • The speed increases violence shocks
  • Speed ​​increases the stopping distance
  • The speed reduces the field of view
  • The reduced speed traction vehicle
  • The speed makes it impossible for some emergency maneuvers
  • Slow down and save lives
RISK AREAS
Areas 30-60 km / h and 90 km / h are the areas where the risk of having a road accident is highest.
Areas 30-60 km / h
It is in these areas that has the highest number of accidents with serious injuries or minor injuries.
The risk of accidents can increase depending on the surrounding environment and coexistence with other road users.
A distance of 10 km, a driver traveling at 70 km / h instead of 60 km / h earns only 2 minutes at most. The rate is therefore not really worth! Moreover, if we take into account the traffic lights, most of the time, the gains are zero. How often we do we doubled by a driver in a hurry to find ourselves next to him at a red light a few moments later?
Areas 90 km / h
It is in these areas that the greatest number of fatal accidents occur.
In areas of 90 km / h, it is primarily the impacts of violence which makes them more deadly accidents faster you drive there and traffic is dense, sometimes with restricted visibility.
In short, areas of 90 km / h are areas where anything can happen! It must be remembered when we borrow these roads! We must also remember that the time saved by rolling faster than the limits allow not worth not worth it when you consider the risk of accidents that we run. Indeed, over a distance of 30 km, a driver traveling at 110 km / h in an area of ​​90 km / h earns no more than 4 minutes.
Respect speed limits, it is not trivial.
It's more than fine that is at stake. This is his life and that of others in question.

THE SPEED INCREASES VIOLENCE SHOCKS
The speed dramatically increases the severity of injury in an accident. Thus, the risk of being seriously injured or killed in a double impact between 50 and 70 km / h and quad between 70 and 90 km / h.
During a collision, the vehicle decelerates abruptly when the passengers are projected violently towards the point of impact. This is the energy released upon impact causing injury.
Kinetic energy is equal to 1/2 times the mass of the vehicle multiplied by its velocity squared (EC = 1/2 mv2). As well expresses this equation, the violence of the shock, or the energy released, is greatly influenced by the weight but especially by the vehicle speed.
• A shock at 50 km / h is equivalent to falling into the void from the top of a 3 storey building.
• At 75 km / h, it is equivalent to a fall of a 7-storey building.
• At 100 km / h, compared to a 12-story drop.
SPEED ​​INCREASES THE STOPPING DISTANCE
A motorist sees an obstacle in his way. Time to react, he presses the brake pedal will travel some distance before stop his vehicle.
This is called the stopping distance.
The stopping distance is dependent on the reaction time and the braking time.
While the reaction time, that is to say the time from which the driver decides to brake and when it will be pressed the brake pedal, the vehicle will have traveled some distance.
The average reaction time is about 1.3 second. More vehicle speed, the greater the distance traveled during the reaction time will be long.
During the braking time the driver brakes to immobilize the vehicle. Over the starting vehicle speed, the greater the distance it will travel during this time will be long. Wear on the brakes and tires, the vehicle weight and the bad road conditions are all factors that can also contribute to increase the braking distance.
Contrary to popular belief, the anti-lock braking system (ABS) does not reduce the stopping distance. On a wet and dry roads, the braking distance of ABS is about the same as with conventional brakes. By cons, on gravel or mud, the stopping distance ABS brakes is longer than conventional brakes.
The increase of the stopping distance is not linear. As we can see, it more than doubles between 30 and 60 km / h and is almost tripled between 60 and 90 km / h.
It is mainly for this reason that the speed increases the frequency of accidents.
Always keep a safe distance, the more you ride faster, the space between your vehicle and the one ahead must be great!

THE SPEED REDUCES THE FIELD OF VIEW
A driver stopped or moving at very low speed normally has a field of view of 180 °.
At 90 km / h, the field of vision is reduced by half because the human brain can only process a limited amount of information at once.
However, the greater the vehicle speed is higher and the brain receives information. It is therefore forced to eliminate multiple device data.
Thus a motorist traveling at high speed may not see the child who is about to cross the street or the car that arises at an intersection.
THE REDUCED SPEED TRACTION VEHICLE
A motorist driving at high speed is more likely to lose control of the vehicle in curves because of the centrifugal force.
At high speeds, the vehicle adheres less to the road and skidding risks are greater. Indeed, from the beginning of the turn, the tires are crushed, the springs deflect and the suspension of the vehicle prevents it from being pulled out of the road.
If the speed is too high, the centrifugal force becomes larger than the frictional force of the tires and the vehicle skidding or tipping.

THE SPEED MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR SOME EMERGENCY MANEUVERS
A passenger vehicle, and more so a truck can instantly stop there, or make a change of direction at  90 °. But when the speed increases, the possible paths to avoid an obstacle, a cyclist for example, are reduced by much.
A car travels slower than car B
The trucks are harder to maneuver and slower to react than automobiles because they are bigger and heavier. To brake, the truck needs more time and space than cars.
Over 90% of driver input based on what he sees. 10 km / h less can make a difference
Here is a concrete example of the effects of speed that should make you think.
An overhead conductor at 50 km / h sees a pedestrian ... He can react, brake and stop in time if he is distant of at least 31.2 meters. This, with a reaction time of 1.3 second, in normal conditions on dry pavement.
Continues the same scenario, but with 10 km / h more.
If the pedestrian is always at 31.2 meters when the driver sees the wheelchair then 60 km / h it brakes, slowing the car, but at the moment of impact with the pedestrian, still traveling at 42 km / h. At this speed, the pedestrian will almost certainly invalid for the rest of his life, and maybe even death.
  • 10 km / h less and he returned home unharmed him ...ed
  • Some km / h less can sometimes mean the difference between life and death.
  • According to some studies, a decrease of 3 km / h average speed of traffic would annually reduce by 15% the number of injuries and deaths.




SLOW DOWN AND SAVE LIVES
It was a beautiful and powerful car and it feels good driver, we can afford to drive faster without increasing the risk of accidents. Or time is short, we're late to drop the kids at school, pressing the accelerator pedal and exceed 10 km / h speed regulated, it's not so bad ...
Yet even an excellent conductor, with an excellent vehicle, does not escape the laws of physics. Whatever anyone says, as the speed increases, the frequency and severity of accidents also increases.
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Thursday, 15 October 2015

Masonry Mortar Joints

Masonry Mortar Joints

Mortar joints are typically 3/8", but can vary from 1/4" to 1/2".  Joints are finished using a tool or the trowel.  Each type of joint has pros and cons, which are mostly related to their effectiveness at shedding water.
Concave Joint

Concave Joint

Good: The standard joint, which is universally accepted as the best joint for preventing water penetration.
V Joint

V Joint

Fair: This joint is less successful at shedding water due to the point of the V, which can be an entry point for water if not tooled perfectly.
Weathered Joint

Weathered Joint

Fair: Due to the slope of the mortar, this joint also performs fairly well.  However, water can run across the underside of the brick and enter if the mortar is not well adhered.
Struck Joint

Struck Joint

Very Poor: The slope of the joint pulls water into the joint and allows it to sit on the brick, which gives the water more time to penetrate.
Interior Use Only.
Flush Joint

Flush Joint

Poor: This joint is susceptible to water sitting on the top of the joint if it protrudes slightly from the brick.
Raked Joint

Raked Joint

Very Poor: The ledge allows water to sit on top of the brick and potentially get sucked into the wall.
Interior Use Only.
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Monday, 7 September 2015

نیناں بڑے دھوکے باز Eyes cheats


اگر ہم کسی سے سچ سننا چاہتے ہیں تو عموماً ہمارا سوال یہی ہوتا ہے کہ میری آنکھوں میں آنکھیں ڈال کر جواب دو، یہی طریقہ ایک محبوب اقرار محبت سننے کے لیے اختیار کرتا ہے اور یہی طریقہ ایک پولیس اہل کار اقرار جُرم سننے کے لیے، اگر آپ کسی کے سچ اور جھوٹ کا تعین کرنا چاہتے ہیں تو مخاطب کی آنکھوں میں جھانک کر دیکھنا حقیقت جاننے کا سب سے بہتر طریقہ ہے، یہی وجہ ہے کہ آنکھوں کو روح کا دروازہ بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ جدید تحقیق نے بھی اس بات کو ثابت کردیا ہے کہ آنکھیں نہ صرف حقیقت کو آشکار کرتی ہیں، بل کہ چیزوں کو یاد رکھنے اور فیصلہ کرنے کی قوت پر بھی اثرانداز ہوتی ہیں۔
اس مطالعے کے سربراہ اور لُونڈ یونیورسٹی کے ماہرنفسیات راجر جانسن کا اس بابت کہنا ہے کہ آنکھوں کی یہ حرکات لاشعوری بھی ہوسکتی ہیں،’’جب لوگ ایسے ماحول کو دیکھتے ہیں جہاں وہ پہلے جا چکے ہوں تو اُن کی آنکھیں اکثر اُن تمام معلومات کا نقشہ کھینچ دیتی ہیں جنہیں وہ پہلے دیکھ چکے ہوں‘‘ اُن کا کہنا ہے کہ آنکھوں کی حرکات کو آپ متعلقہ فرد کے فیصلے کی جانچ میں بھی استعمال کر سکتے ہیں یا اُن کے اخلاقی فیصلوں پر اثر انداز ہوکر اُن کا استحصال کر سکتے ہیں۔
اس بات کی جانچ کے لیے محققین کی جانب سے مطالعے میں شریک افراد سے کچھ غیراخلاقی سوالات پوچھے گئے۔ مثال کے طور پر؛’کیا قتل جیسے اقدام کو درست قرار دیا جاسکتا ہے؟‘ اور پھر کمپیوٹر اسکرین پر اُس کے متبادل جوابات ظاہر کیے گئے، جیسے کہ ’ بعض اوقات درست، نہیں کبھی نہیں‘۔ کچھ دیر کے لیے ان جوابات کو شُرکا کے سامنے ظاہر کرنے کے بعد فوراً ہٹا دیا گیا۔ شُرکا کی آنکھوں کی حرکات کو مانیٹر کرتے ہوئے ریسرچر نے دیکھا کہ تمام افراد کے جوابات ان آپشنز پر ہی مشتمل تھے۔
اس مطالعے میں شامل محقق اور یونیورسٹی کالج لندن کے نیورو سائنٹسٹ ڈینیئل رچرڈ سن کا کہنا ہے،’ہم نے انہیں کوئی اضافی معلومات نہیں دیں اور انہیں لاشعوری طور پر ان دو آپشن تک  محدود کردیا۔ ہم نے اُن کی فیصلہ کرنے کی صلاحیت پر اثر انداز ہوتے ہوئے اسکرین پر دو جوابات دِکھا کر اُن کے دماغ پر قابو پایا اور اپنا فیصلہ تبدیل کرنے پر مجبور کیا۔ رچرڈ کا کہنا ہے کہ بہت سے کام یاب سیلز مین اپنی اس بصیرت کو استعمال کرتے ہوئے اپنے گاہک کو زیادہ اچھے طریقے سے قائل کرتے ہیں۔
’ہمارے خیال میں اس طرح کے لوگ اچھی گفت گو کا فن جانتے ہیں اور ہو سکتا ہے کہ وہ فیصلہ سازی کے عمل کا مشاہدہ بھی ہم سے اچھا کر سکتے ہوں۔ ایک اچھا سیلزمین اُس خاص لمحے کا پتا چلا سکتا ہے جب آپ کسی چیز کو منتخب کرنے جا رہے ہوں اور اُسی لمحے وہ آپ کو قیمت میں رعایت کی پیش کش یا اپنا لہجہ تبدیل کرلیتا ہے۔‘ دوسری طرف اسمارٹ موبائل فونز اور دیگر دستی آلات میں آئی ٹریکنگ ایپلی کیشن کی موجودگی نے بھی لوگوں کے فیصلہ کرنے کے طریقۂ کار میں بدلاؤ کے امکانات میں اضافہ کردیا ہے۔
اگر آپ آئن لائن شاپنگ کر تے ہوئے کسی پروڈکٹ کو دیکھ رہے ہوں تو فوراً ہی اس ویب سائٹ کی جانب سے آپ کو فری شپنگ (مفت میں گھر پہنچانے) کی پیش کش کردی جائے تو صحیح وقت پر اچھی پیش کش آپ کو اُس پروڈکٹ کی خریداری پر مجبور کردیتی ہے۔ آنکھوں کی حرکات دماغ کے افعال پر اثرانداز ہوکر نہ صرف آپ کی یادداشت اور فیصلہ سازی پر اثر انداز ہوتی ہے، بل کہ یہ آپ کے عقائد، خواہشات اور خیالات کو بھی دوسروں پر افشاء کر سکتی ہے۔ یہ معلومات ہمیں اپنے دماغی افعال کو بہتر بنانے کا راستہ مہیا کرتی ہیں، لیکن دوسری طرف یہ ہمیں غیرمحفوظ بھی کردیتی ہیں کیوں کہ لوگ اس کا فائدہ اٹھاتے ہوئے ہمارے فیصلوں میں ردوبدل کر سکتے ہیں۔

مثال کے طور پر Ebbinghaus الوژن سے یہ انکشاف ہوا کہ ہمارا دماغ دوسری اشیاء سے متصل چیزوں کو استعمال کرتے ہوئے جسامت کے بارے میں فیصلہ کرتا ہے اور اس میں ردوبدل کی جاسکتی ہے۔ اس بات کو ثابت کرنے کے لیے سائنس دانوں نے ایک ہی جسامت کے دو زرد رنگ کے دائرے بنائے، ایک دائرے کے گرد سیاہ رنگ کے 8 چھوٹے دائرے بنائے۔ دوسرے زرد دائرے کے گرد سیاہ رنگ کے 6بڑے دائرے بنائے۔ انہیں دیکھنے والوں نے دونوں زرد دائروں کی جسامت کو مختلف بتایا، جب کہ در حقیقت وہ ایک ہی جسامت کے تھے، لیکن آنکھوں نے دماغ کو دھوکا دیتے ہوئے سیاہ دائروں پر زیادہ توجہ مرکوز کروائی جن کی جسامت میں فرق تھا۔
اسی طرح ’پونزو الوژن‘ ترتیب دیا گیا، جس میں گہرائی کے تصور کو بنیاد بنایا گیا۔ دو متوازی جھکی ہوئے لائنوں کے درمیان یکساں لمبائی کی دو افقی لکیریں اوپر اور نیچے کھینچی گئیں۔ آنکھوں سے ملنے والے سگنلز نے دماغ کو پریشان کردیا، کیوں کہ آنکھ جو دیکھ رہی تھی اس کے لحاظ سے اوپری لکیر نچلی لکیر سے بڑی دکھائی دے رہی تھی، لیکن حقیقت میں دونوں لکیروں کی جسامت ایک ہی تھی۔ اٹھارھویں صدی میں جرمنی کے ممتاز ماہر طبیعات Hermann von Helmholtz نے آنکھوں کی دھوکا دہی کو بے نقاب کرتی ’ٹال اسٹوری ‘ تھیوری پیش کی۔
اُن کا کہنا تھا کہ لکیروں کو استعمال کرنے کا طریقہ دماغ کے طریقۂ کار کو تبدیل کردیتا ہے۔ اپنی اس تھیوری کو ثابت کرنے کے لیے انہوں نے عمودی لکیروں سے کچھ چوکور خانے بنائے اور کچھ خانے افقی لکیروں سے بنائے، یکساں جسامت ہونے کے باوجود عمودی لکیر والے خانے افقی لکیر والے خانوں کی بہ نسبت چھوٹے اور چوڑے نظر آرہے تھے۔ اب کپڑوں کی صنعت میں Hermann  کی اس تھیوری کا بھرپور طریقے سے استعمال کیا جارہا ہے اور فیشن ڈیزائنر لمبا اور دبلا دکھائی دینے کے لیے افقی لکیروں والے کپڑے پہننے کا مشورہ دیتے ہیں۔
ہرمین نے برین اسکیننگ ریسرچ کی بنیاد پر ’ہرمین گِرڈ ‘ کے نام سے ایک الوژن بنایا۔ اُس نے ایک جیسے سائز کے 15چوکور خانے بنائے جن کا درمیانی فاصلہ یکساں تھا۔ جب اس نے ان خانوں کے درمیان خالی جگہ کو دیکھا تو وہاں سرمئی رنگ کے نقطے نظر آئے، جن کا درحقیقت کوئی وجود نہیں تھا۔ اس حوالے سے ہرمین کا کہنا تھا کہ ان سرمئی رنگ کے نقطوں کا نظر آنا بھی درحقیقت آنکھ کی چلی گئی ایک چال تھی، جس کی وجہ سے نیورونزکے درمیان اس تصویر میں موجود روشن اور سیاہ حصوں کو دیکھنے کے لیے مسابقت پیدا ہوئی۔ تاہم دور جدید میں ہرمین کا ایک صدی سے زاید عرصے پرانا یہ الوژن ماڈل متنازعہ ہے۔
اس حوالے سے امریکی نیورو بائیو لوجسٹ مارک چانگ زی (Mark Changizi)کا کہنا ہے جو الفاظ ابھی آپ پڑھ رہے ہیں ان کی روشنی آپ کی آنکھوں تک پہنچ چکی ہے، لیکن ان سگنلز کو دماغ تک پہنچنے اور پروسیس ہونے میں وقت لگے گا۔ اس کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ آپ جس دنیا کا ادراک کرتے ہیں وہ قدرے پیچھے ہے۔ بسا اوقات جب بہت زیادہ معلومات ہمارے ریٹینا (آنکھ کا پردہ) سے ایک وقت میں ٹکراتی ہیں تو اسنیک الوژن پیدا ہوتا ہے۔ یہ تمام تفصیلات بیک وقت ہمارے دماغ کے بصری حصے میں داخل ہوجاتی ہیں، جس کے نتیجے میں دماغ تذبذب کا شکار ہوکر سوچنے پر مجبور ہوجاتا ہے۔

How is reflected through the eyes of the heart? Interesting scientific facts


If the eyes are the eyes of love metaphor are considered a sign of betrayal. In some eyes, the heart knows the art of landing. It revives a beauty on the other side of the universe, thanks to beauty is the eye. He shows us the world is full of colors volume.
The moon shines in the blue sky constellations, the sun bath in rainbow colors for eye owe. Hynjn the eyes of a human body medicine is more poetry and literature books. They say the eyes are too much, but most eyes deceive us. A glimpse of the water rising in the desert, the oasis of the desert as a present.
We see a man hanging in the air, the eyes with wonder and exclamation teeth are forced to chew fingers under the eyes of the other, they are forced to watch, which does not exist in reality. The eyes deceive our minds to believe that hallucinations are fried. Optical illusion of the eyes and what science says about disclosure? The scientific facts in the article is covered.
If we really want to hear the question so often that I put my eye and answer, admittedly a beloved way of love and a way to hear the confession of a crime to listen to police, If you want to determine the true and false addresses eyes look into the best way of knowing the truth, that's why I called the soul door. Modern research has also proved that the eyes are not only reveals the truth, Bill, remember things and make decisions that affect the force.
Our eyes are always moving. Some of these actions are consciously. Some unconscious. For example, when reading is faster than the movement of our eyes, it causes eye of a word by word the other is loose movement. When we entered the room, our pupils are spreading. Gyrsaury as our eyes are moving when walking. All movements of the eyes, the mind is thinking.
A recent ILO's computational scientific jrydy'py, according to a study published in the ability to decide is closely tied to the movements of the eyes. In a decision which increases the excitement in person with reluctance because of his eye pupils are spreading. The change in eye may disclose secrets about him is that decision-makers.
The head of the study and professor at the University of Zurich says tubyaz luytsr eyes seeing it helps to predict that person (whose eyes are watching) Which number is present in the brain . Professor tubyaz to examine that argument and his colleagues formed a team of 12 volunteers. Forty people in the team, a list of numbers showing the movements of their eyes were examined.
The pupils of the eyes of people and the spread of the direction that was predicted exactly what number they are calling. Each volunteer looked straight upstairs to the number, the smaller number of those who think they gaze down toward the Ultimate.
According to a certain number of researchers think that causes a change in the direction of the eyes. Researchers in another study of similar nature 24 students sit in a room on a corner of the computer screen appears, carefully analyzing the various items. After that, they were reminded of a statement of objects shown, for example, the car was facing the back and the phrase about being right or wrong answer immediately sought.
Some students involved in the research were allowed to move freely in their eyes, when he said that some middle or corner of the computer screen where the goods were displayed, they gazed. Researchers saw that the eyes of the students were allowed to move freely, the response was much better than the students who were asked to look in the same direction.
Researchers say that the movements of the eyes, remember things and information are vital to remind, that the eye movements of the things we found in the environment and coding of information (information confidential coding, words , signs, etc. to move in), thanks to the connection between the fittings helps us to remember.
The head of the study and maid University psychologist Roger Johnson says about eye movements subconsciously it may also be, 'When people see an environment where they have gone before them and his eyes have all the information I do draw the map he saw, his eyes following the movement of the individual decisions you can use to test their moral decisions can affect the exploitation.
The study by researchers to test some immoral questions from participants. For example, what may be termed the move as murder? 'And then displayed on a computer screen were the alternative answers, such as "sometimes accurate, sometimes not. The answers to some of the participants were removed immediately after the show. Participants said researcher monitors the movements of the eyes that saw all of the answers were on their options.
University College London researchers in this study include neuro-scientist Daniel Richardson says, "We give them additional information and awareness was limited to these two options. We have the ability to influence their decision on the screen can show two times to control his mind and forced to change its decision. Richard says that many successful salesman using his insight more effectively convince their customers do.
"In our view, such people may well speak of the art know and observe the decision-making process can also be good. A good salesman is found that special moment when you're going to pick up something, and the moment they offer you discounts or change the tone Geo News reported., Mobile phones and hand-held devices the Smart Tracking application in the presence of the people in the decision making process has increased the possibilities of change.

is forced to purchase. Eye movements affect the functions of the brain not only affects your memory and decision-making, the bill that your beliefs, desires and ideas can be disclosed to others. This information provides a way to improve your mental functions, but on the other hand it also leads us are vulnerable because they take advantage of our decisions can be altered.
According to Richardson, the eyes are the way to reach our thoughts, and none of us would not like to appear on our ideas. "Smart phones are used in the tracking applications help themselves as a technology offer.
The application that will help you understand the phone's functions (functions) that you need and what's not, but if you use them all day, then you also can be used to track other things. The more information you can pass on to other ideas.
How do hmynduka *hmary eyes?
Has a long history of hallucinations. In every intelligent mind is the question that why the apartheid simple drawing our eyes, hands aluxn easily become foolish.

It is also found in the ancient history of Greece. Mshuryunany 350 BC philosopher Aristotle said about "our understanding (sense) can rely on, but it could easily be made a fool." If we see a waterfall rocks turning their eyes If you would like us to leave the mountain and waterfall rocks are moving in the opposite direction. The image of the brain eyes deceive us, hallucinations waterfall called know.
The scientific explanation that can be offered such as we see if the flow of water in the brain neurons (nerve cells) are able to adjust to the movement of the eye when the eye by rocks Moving messages to other neurons, unlike the working force, which in turn is a hallucination.
Making a connection between the mind and the eyes of the nineteenth century scientists to learn many things with other concepts studied. They know that with the help of some simple patterns and shapes that seeks to end our eyes can deceive simple aluxn brain.
For example, it was revealed that our brain Ebbinghaus aluxn connect to other items using things makes decisions about the size and it can be altered. To prove this point, scientists of the same size made two yellow circle, a circle formed around the black 8 small circle. 6 yellow circle around the large circle made of black. Both of them see the yellow circles of different size, the fact that they were the same size, but eyes deceive the mind more focused on the dark circles caused the difference in size.
Similarly, punzu aluxn "designed, which was based on the concept of depth. Of equal length between two parallel lines were lowered two horizontal lines were drawn down. Confusing signals from the eye to the brain, eye and saw that the top line, the bottom line in terms of the number appeared, but was in fact the same size on both lines. Germany in the eighteenth century, the distinguished physicist Hermann von Helmholtz expose the fraud of the eyes, ignoring the story, presented theory.
He lines them how to use the mechanisms of the brain has changed. To prove his theory, he made vertical lines some square boxes and crates made of horizontal lines, despite being the same size vertical line, horizontal line boxes than box looked small and wide. Hermann in the textile industry of this theory is being used vigorously and fashion designer tall and thin horizontal lines seem to suggest the dress.
Research on the brain scanning Hermann, Hermann grid "as the name of a aluxn. He made a similar size to 15 square box which was consistent spacing. When he saw the empty space between the boxes look so gray dots, which in fact did not exist. The Hermann said they look gray dots fact a trick of the eye was gone, nyurunzky which the bright and dark parts of the image to view the competition was born. However, in the modern period, more than a century old Hermann aluxn model is controversial.
Who received the Nobel Prize in 1981 jointly with Switzerland and Canada nyurufzyulujst David Hubble and Torsten vessel thanks to modern technology, I tried to wriggle out.
They discovered that the visual parts of the brain (cortex) of the neurons are active only at certain angles to be an object. For example, certain neurons are fired when the eye square or triangle (triangle) see item. The discovery of these two scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize. In the twenty-first century has intensified research on hallucinations.
According to one school of thought that hallucinations are a permanent brain that are engaged in trying to predict what is going to happen. This theory slight delay in the incident that took place in our consciousness that this item is highlighted.
The Bio-American neuro radiologist Mark Chang Xi (Mark Changizi) say the words you are reading light can reach your eyes, but these signals reach the brain and the process will take time. This means that you have a sense of the world they are slightly behind. Sometimes too much information when our retina (eye veil) aluxn Snack at a time when conflict arises. The visual part of our brain at the same time all the details have been entered, causing the brain to think he is hesitant.
There is also the important role of our eyes, because our minds can not see anything that says it's right or wrong. Modern technology scientists peer into our brains and understand this mechanism is enabled. Rysunyns functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) to analyze because the researcher has been able to deceive the eye as a result of individual neurons in our brains can react.
The trick of the eye mediated by now become the research efforts are focused on one point, our brain receives the information from the eyes to the visual system together can not afford, if our minds to the task of building Even if too big to be inadequate in handling the information. That has been used to shortcut our mind, they bet on the best horse in the race to select a horse instead emphasizes what we are seeing. "
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دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس چالیس ’’چورنیاں‘‘ Forty 'thief'

’دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس‘‘ نامی جرائم پیشہ عورتوں کا گروہ، جس نے ڈیڑھ صدی تک لندن میں دہشت مچائے رکھی 
انگلستان کا دارالحکومت، لندن بہت سے لوگوں کے لیے خوابوں کا شہر ہے مگر ایک زمانے میں یہ جرائم کا گڑھ سمجھا جاتا تھا۔ اٹھارھویں اور انیسویں صدی میں شہر پر مختلف جرائم پیشہ گروہ قابض تھے۔
ہر گروہ نے شہر کا ایک مخصوص علاقہ سنبھال رکھا تھا۔ ان گروہوں کے نام زیرقبضہ علاقے کی مناسبت سے ہوتے تھے جیسے ’’ کیسل بوائز‘‘۔ اس زمانے میں قتل و غارت، نقب زنی، ڈکیتی، منشیات فروشی، اور چھینا جھپٹی جیسے جرائم عام تھے۔ یہ تمام جرائم ان ہی گروہوں کی سرپرستی میں ہوتے تھے۔ آئے دن ان گروہوں کے درمیان خون ریز لڑائیاں ہوتی تھیں جن میں عام لوگ بھی اپنی جانوں سے ہاتھ دھو بیٹھتے تھے۔ مشرقی اور جنوبی لندن جیسے پس ماندہ اور گنجان علاقوں میں جرائم پیشہ گروہ زیادہ مضبوط تھے۔
لندن کو جرائم کے گڑھ میں تبدیل کرنے اور آپس میں برسرپیکار رہنے والے جرائم پیشہ گروہوں کے سب ہی اراکین مرد تھے، مگر تاریخ میں ایک ایسے گروہ کا بھی تذکرہ ملتا ہے جو تمام کا تمام عورتوں پر مشتمل تھا۔
اس گروہ نے کوئی ڈیڑھ صدی تک لندن کے ویسٹ اینڈ نامی علاقے میں دہشت مچائے رکھی۔ جرائم پیشہ عورتوں کا یہ جتھا ’’دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس‘‘ (چالیس ہاتھی) کے نام سے مشہور تھا۔ دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی اراکین کے جرائم اور فرار کی داستانیں وقت کی دھول میں گُم ہوگئی ہیں، مگر 1865ء کے بعد سے تقریباً ہر روز ان عورتوں کے کارنامے اخبارات کی زینت بنتے تھے۔
اخبارات میں اس گروہ کی اراکین کو ’’ امیزون‘‘ (جنگجو عورتوں کی ایک نسل) کہا جاتا تھا۔ گروہ کی چالیس میں سے تیس ارکان بلند قامت اور مضبوط جثہ رکھتی تھیں۔ اخبارات و رسائل میں ان کے لیے ’’امیزون‘‘ کی اصطلاح غالباً اسی لیے استعمال کی جانے لگی تھی۔ بقیہ دس ارکان خوب صورتی میں اپنی مثال آپ ہوتی تھیں۔ دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کے بارے میں دست یاب معلومات کے مطابق گروہ میں نئی ارکان کی شمولیت کے دو معیار تھے؛ جسمانی مضبوطی، یا پھر ظاہری دل کشی۔
دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کے علاقے میں کوئی اور گروہ کارروائی کرنے کی جرأت نہیں کرتا تھا۔ اس کی وجہ یہ تھی کہ اسے مردوں کے دو جرائم پیشہ گروہوں؛ ’’میل فورٹی ایلیفینٹس‘‘ اور ’’کیسل گینگ‘‘ کی حمایت حاصل تھی۔ دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی اراکین دکانوں سے چیزیں چُرانے میں مہارت رکھتی تھیں اور یہی ان کی کمائی کا سب سے اہم ذریعہ تھا۔
گروہ سے وابستہ خواتین جدید تراش خراش کے منہگے لباس زیب تن کرتی تھیں، جن میں خفیہ جیبیں ہوتی تھیں۔ ظاہری حلیے سے دولت مند دکھائی دینے والی یہ عورتیں تین تین چار چار کی تعداد میں بڑے اعتماد کے ساتھ دکانوں میں خریداری کے بہانے جاتی تھیں، اور دکان دار کو باتوں میں لگاکر انتہائی صفائی سے قیمتی اشیاء اٹھا کر چھوٹی بڑی خفیہ جیبوں میں منتقل کرلیتی تھیں۔ ان کی مہارت کا اندازہ اس بات سے لگایا جاسکتا ہے کہ بعض اوقات یہ فرکوٹ اور ریشمی کپڑے کے پورے پورے تھان بھی لباس میں چھپا کر لے آتی تھیں۔
قیمتی لباس اور بناؤ سنگھار کی بہ دولت یہ طبقہ امراء میں ہونے والی محافل میں بھی جگہ پالیتی تھیں، اور موقع ملتے ہی ہاتھ کی صفائی دکھا جاتی تھیں۔ چھینا جھپٹی کے لیے یہ عورتیں ایک سادہ مگر دل چسپ طریقہ بھی اپناتی تھیں۔ یہ طریقہ وہ کسی بڑے اسٹور کو لوٹنے کے لیے استعمال کرتی تھیں۔ بڑے اسٹوروں میں، اس زمانے میں بھی داخلے اور اخراج کے کئی راستے ہوتے تھے۔
گروہ کی ساری عورتیں تمام راستوں سے اسٹور پر ہلّا بول دیتیں، اور جس کے ہاتھ جو شے لگتی وہ لے کر بھاگ کھڑی ہوتی۔ اسٹور کے محافظوں یا پولیس کے لیے سب کا پیچھا کرنا ممکن نہیں ہوتا تھا۔ لہٰذا وہ بہرصورت اپنے مقصد میں کام یاب ہوجاتی تھیں۔ جو عورتیں گرفتار ہوتیں انھیں اگلے ہی روز ضمانت پر رہا کروالیا جاتا تھا۔
وقت گزرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ ’چالیس چورنیوں‘ نے دولت اکٹھی کرنے کے دوسرے طریقے بھی اپنالیے۔ گروہ کی دل کش اراکین مال داروں کو اپنے حُسن کے جال میں پھانس لیتیں، ان کے ساتھ وقت گزارتیں اور پھر انھیں بلیک میل کرکے لمبی رقم اینٹھ لیتیں۔ وہ جھوٹے اور غلط حوالوں کے ذریعے مال دار گھرانوں میں ملازمت حاصل کرتیں اور موقع ملتے ہی لوٹ مار کرکے فرار ہوجاتیں۔ لوٹ کا مال ہمیشہ گروہ کی سرغنہ کے حوالے کیا جاتا تھا جو ’’ کوئین‘‘ یعنی ملکہ کہلاتی تھی۔ مال مسروقہ کو تمام اراکین میں تقسیم کرنے کی ذمے داری بھی ملکہ کے ذمے تھی۔ لوٹ کے مال میں سے ایک حصہ گرفتار اراکین کی رہائی کے لیے پس انداز کردیا جاتا تھا۔
دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی داغ بیل ممکنہ طور پر انیسویں صدی کے آغاز میں پڑی تھی جب انگلستان میں جرائم پیشہ گروہ بے حد مضبوط ہوچکے تھے۔ انیسویں صدی کے اواخر سے اس گروہ کی کارروائیاں اخبارات و جرائد میں شائع ہونے لگی تھیں، مگر ’’ دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس‘‘ کو ’بامِ عروج‘ پر لے جانے کا سہرا ایلائس ڈائمنڈ کے سر ہے۔ اس ’پُھولن دیوی‘ کو انگلستانی پریس ڈائمنڈ ایلائس، ڈائمنڈ اینی، ڈائمنڈ کوئن اور کوئن آف دی فورٹی تھیوز بھی لکھتا تھا۔
ایلائس ڈائمنڈ کی پیدائش 1896ء میں ہوئی۔ غریب گھرانے میں جنم لینے والی ایلائس کا بچپن کسمپرسی میں گزرا۔ ہوش سنبھالا تو تکمیل خواہشات کی آرزو اسے دھیرے دھیرے جرائم کی راہوں پر لے گئی۔ ان ہی دنوں اسے دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کے بارے میں پتا چلا۔ بلند قامت اور مضبوط کاٹھی کی بدولت اسے جرائم پیشہ گروہ کا حصہ بننے میں کوئی مشکل پیش نہیں آئی۔ ایلائس کا قد اتنا تھا کہ اخبارات اسے لندن کی سب سے طویل قامت مجرم عورت کے طور پر بیان کرتے تھے، جو جسمانی طور پر بھی بہت مضبوط تھی۔ یوں واقعی وہ ایک مرد مار قسم کی عورت تھی۔ پُرتشدد فطرت اور ذہانت کے بل بوتے پر 1918ء میں ایلائس، چالیس چورنیوں کی سرغنہ بن گئی۔
دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی سرغنہ کی حیثیت سے ایلائس نے اسکاٹ لینڈ یارڈ پر خصوصی نگاہ رکھی ہوئی تھی۔ ماضی میں گروہ کی کارروائیاں چوری اور چھینا جھپٹی تک محدود رہی تھیں، مگر ایلائس کی جارحانہ فطرت نے غنڈا گردی میں بھی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کا نام بلند کردیا تھا۔ فولادی دستے والا کوڑا ہمہ وقت ایلائس کے پاس ہوتا تھا جس سے وہ اپنے شکار کی کمر ادھیڑ دیتی تھی۔ ایلائس نے گروہ کی سخت جان عورتوں کو مسلح کرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ انھیں لڑائی بھڑائی کی مزید تربیت دی۔ اب اکثروبیشتر ان کی جھڑپیں مرد جرائم پیشہ گروہوں کے ساتھ ہونے لگی تھیں۔ انھوں نے ان لڑائیوں میں مردوں کو شکست دے کر بڑی کام یابی سے ایلیفینٹ، کیسل اور واٹرلُو روڈ کے درمیانی علاقے پر اپنا تسلط قائم کرلیا تھا۔
مارگریٹ ہیوز، ایلائس کی نائب تھی مگر گروہ میں اسے بھی اپنی ملکہ جیسی اہمیت حاصل تھی۔ بھولی بھالی معصوم شکل و صورت کے باعث وہ ’’ بے بی فیسڈ میگی‘‘ کہلاتی تھی۔ میگی، گروہ کی کارروائیاں تشکیل دیتی تھی۔ چوری، چھینا جھپٹی، اور اقدام قتل کے الزامات کے تحت میگی کو بیس سے زائد بار عدالت میں پیش کیا گیا۔ اس موقع پر چہرے پر پھیلی بلا کی معصومیت اس کے بہت کام آتی۔ جج اسے باعزت بری کردیتا یا پھر برائے نام سزا ہوتی۔ مارگریٹ، بلیک میلنگ سمیت گروہ کی تشدد سے پاک یا ایسی سرگرمیوں کو کنٹرول کرتی تھی جن میں مارکٹائی کا امکان کم ہوتا تھا۔
چالیس چورنیوں کے گروہ میں شامل ہونے سے پہلے میگی بھی مردوں کے گینگ کا حصہ تھی۔ میگی نے نوجوانی میں جرائم کی دنیا میں قدم رکھ دیا تھا۔ اسے زیرزمین دنیا سے الفریڈ ہیوز نے متعارف کروایا تھا۔ الفریڈ لندن کا بدنام زمانہ مجرم تھا جو بعد میں میگی کا شوہر بنا۔ الفریڈ کی حاکمانہ ذہنیت کی وجہ سے جلد ہی ان کے درمیان اختلافات پیدا ہوگئے۔ یہ اختلافات اتنے بڑھے کہ ایک روز میگی نے الفریڈ کو استرا مار کر زخمی کردیا جو وہ ہر وقت اپنی پنڈلی سے باندھ کر رکھتی تھی۔
بعد میں میگی اپنی اس حرکت پر نادم ہوئی اور تلافی کے طور پر اس نے الفریڈ کو رقم بھی دی۔ مگر اب وہ الفریڈ سے ہر تعلق توڑ دینا چاہتی تھی۔ چناں چہ وہ الفریڈ سے علیٰحدہ ہوگئی۔ پھر اس نے فورٹی ایلیفینٹس میں شمولیت اختیار کرلی اور اپنی ذہانت، تیزی و طراری کی بہ دولت بہت جلد نائب کے عہدے تک پہنچ گئی۔ اسکاٹ لینڈ یارڈ نے ایلائس ڈائمنڈ اور میگی کو دنیا کی سب سے ماہر چور قرار دیا تھا۔
فوٹی ایلیفینٹس کے اراکین میں کوئی مرد شامل نہیں تھا ، لیکن کہا جاتا ہے کہ ایلائس نے بہ طور محافظ، چھے بدمعاشوں کی خدمات حاصل کررکھی تھیں۔ یہ بدمعاش گروہ کا باقاعدہ حصہ نہیں تھے، البتہ ان سے وہ کام لیے جاتے تھے جو عورتیں انجام نہیں دے سکتی تھیں۔ کئی اخبارات میں یہ خبریں بھی شائع ہوئی تھیں کہ دراصل یہ مرد، گروہ کی اراکین ہوتی تھیں جو خاص مقاصد کے لیے مردانہ کپڑے پہن لیتی تھیں۔
ایلائس ڈائمنڈ اور میگی نے گروہ کی اراکین کو پابند کر رکھا تھا کہ وہ کسی سے معاشقہ نہیں لڑائیں گی۔ انھوں نے اپنی ماتحتوں کو خبردار کر رکھا تھا کہ مردوں سے رومانس کرنے کا انجام گروہ کی بربادی کی صورت میں ظاہر ہوگا۔ پر دل پہ کس کا زور چلتا ہے۔ دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی ایک رکن، میری برٹن ایک وجیہہ مرد کو دل دے بیٹھی۔ اور یہیں سے ڈیڑھ صدی تک پولیس کی ناک میں دم کیے رکھنے والے منفرد گروہ کی تباہی کا آغاز ہوگیا۔ بعدازاں پتا چلا کہ میری برٹن کا محبوب درحقیقت پولیس کا سراغ رساں تھا اور اس نے باقاعدہ منصوبہ بندی کے تحت میری کو پیار کے جال میں پھانسا تھا۔
میری برٹن کا تعلق لندن کے ایک اچھے گھرانے سے تھا۔ اس بارے میں معلومات دست یاب نہیں کہ وہ دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی رکن کیسے بنی۔ وہ نہ چاہتے ہوئے بھی جیکسن کی محبت میں گرفتار ہوگئی تھی۔ ظاہر ہے کہ اس میں جیکسن کی منصوبہ بندی کا دخل تھا۔ میری اس بات سے بہ خوبی واقف تھی کہ گروہ کی اراکین کے لیے محبت کرنے کی کوئی گنجائش نہیں مگر دوسری جانب جیکسن کا پیار اس کے دل میں گھر کرچکا تھا۔
اس نے جرائم کی دنیا سے کنارہ کش ہوکر اپنے پریمی کے ساتھ شریفانہ زندگی بسر کرنے کا عہد کرلیا تھا۔ جیکسن نے میری کے اہل خانہ سے بھی اس کے تعلقات بحال کروادیے تھے۔ اب وہ دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس سے ہمیشہ کے لیے ناتا توڑ لینا چاہتی تھی، مگر وہ خوف زدہ بھی تھی۔ چناں چہ اس نے اپنے والد، بل برٹن سے درخواست کی کہ وہ اس کے ساتھ چل کر ’کوئن ایلائس‘ سے اس سلسلے میں بات چیت کریں۔ یہ 1925ء کی بات ہے۔
باپ بیٹی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی سرغنہ سے بات کرنے کے لیے اس کے ٹھکانے پر پہنچے۔ اس وقت میگی بھی وہاں موجود تھی۔ میری نے کوئن ایلائس سے والد کی ہمراہی میں آنے کا مقصد بیان کیا تو وہ مشتعل ہوگئی اور اس نے میری پر حملہ کردیا۔ دوسری جانب میگی استرا نکال کر میری کے والد کی طرف لپکی۔ میری اور اس کا باپ بڑی مشکل سے جان بچا کر بھاگ نکلنے میں کام یاب ہوئے۔ ایلائس نے گروہ کی اراکین کو اکٹھا کرکے میری سے اس کی بغاوت کا بدلہ لینے کا اعلان کیا۔
میری اور جیکسن اسی روز شادی کے بندھن میں بندھ گئے تھے۔ ایلائس ڈائمنڈ اور اس کی ساتھیوں نے دو دن کے بعد پوری تیاری کے ساتھ میری برٹن کے آبائی گھر پر ہلّا بول دیا، جہاں وہ شادی کے بعد رہائش پذیر تھی۔ فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی رکن عورتوں نے پتھر اور بوتلیں پھینک پھینک کھڑکیوں کے شیشے توڑ دیے۔ پھر کھڑکیوں کے راستے گھر میں داخل ہوگئیں۔
ایلائس چند ساتھیوں سمیت مسٹر برٹن کے کمرے میں پہنچی مگر وہاں صرف اس کی بیوی اور شیرخوار بیٹا موجود تھا۔ وہ خود اپنی بیٹی کو بچانے کے لیے اس کے کمرے کی طرف بھاگ گیا تھا۔ غصے میں بپھری ایلائس ڈائمنڈ اور اس کی ساتھیوں نے برٹن کی بیوی کو مسہری کے نیچے سے کھینچ کر باہر نکالا اور اسے ساتھ لے کر برٹن اور میری کو ڈھونڈنے لگیں۔ بالآخر باپ بیٹی ان کے ہاتھ لگے گئے۔ انھوں نے گروہ کی باغی رکن اور اس کے باپ کو مار مار کر لہولہان کردیا۔
ابھی یہ کارروائی جاری تھی کہ اسکاٹ لینڈ یارڈ کی بھاری نفری نے پہنچ کر مکان کو گھیرے میں لے لیا۔ کچھ ہی دیر میں سپاہی اندر داخل ہوگئے۔ دو بدو مقابلے کے بعد دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی بیشتر اراکین گرفتار ہوگئیں۔ زخمی مسٹر برٹن، اس کی اہلیہ اور میری کو فوری طور پر اسپتال پہنچایا گیا۔
بعدازاں پولیس نے ایک بڑی کارروائی کرتے ہوئے فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کی کئی مفرور اراکین کو بھی گرفتار کرلیا۔ جرائم پیشہ خواتین کے اس گروہ کے خلاف چلنے والا مقدمہ لندن کی تاریخ کا سنسنی خیز مقدمہ ثابت ہوا۔ عدالتی کارروائی کے دوران یوں معلوم ہورہا تھا کہ گروہ کے ہاتھوں بلیک میل ہونے والے شرفاء بھی اس کی مخالفت میں سامنے آجائیں گے مگر ایسا نہیں ہوا۔ اور عدالت نے مسٹر برٹن کے گھر پر حملے کو بنیاد بناتے ہوئے سزائیں سنائیں۔
ایلائس ڈائمنڈ اور میگی دونوں کو مرکزی مجرم قرار دیتے ہوئے طویل قید بامشقت سنائی گئی۔ سزا سننے کے بعد ایلائس نے کوئی ردعمل ظاہر نہیں کیا، البتہ میگی نے فیصلہ سُن کر کہا تھا،’’جیل سے میں صحیح معنوں میں ولین بن کر نکلوں گی۔‘‘ ایلائس ڈائمنڈ ا ور اس کی ساتھیوں کے مقدمے کا فیصلہ 1929ء میں سنایا گیا تھا۔ اس کے کوئی پچیس برس کے بعد 1950ء کی دہائی میں اس کی موت ہوگئی تھی۔
1925ء میں گروہ کی بیشتر اراکین کی گرفتاری کے بعد عملاً دی فورٹی ایلیفینٹس کا خاتمہ ہوگیا تھا، مگر بچی کھچی خواتین ارکان نے 1950ء کی دہائی تک گروہ کا نام استعمال کرتے ہوئے محدود پیمانے پر مجرمانہ سرگرمیاں جاری رکھیں۔ پھر رفتہ رفتہ ان کی گرفتاریوں اور اموات کے بعد دی فورٹی ایلیفنٹس کا نام و نشان تاریخ کے اوراق میں گُم ہوگیا۔
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