Cool & Creative Bed Cover Designs

Cool & Creative Bed Cover Designs

DETAIL OF BRIDGE

DETAIL OF BRIDGE STRUCTURE 

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ROOF DEFINATION

ROOF

Roof is the upper most portion of the building which protects the building from rain, wind and sun.

Various types of roofs used may be divided broadly into three types:

1. Flat roofs 2. Pitched roofs

3. Shells and folded plates.

Flat roofs are used in plains where rainfall is less and climate is moderate. Pitched roofs are preferred wherever rainfall is more. Shells and folded plate roofs are used to cover large column free areas required for auditoriums, factories etc. Brief description of these roofs is presented below:

1. Flat Roofs:

These roofs are nearly flat. However slight slope (not more than 10°) is given to drain out the rain water. All types of upper storey floors can serve as flat roofs. Many times top of these roofs are treated with water proofing materials-like mixing water proofing chemicals in concrete, providing coba concrete. With advent of reliable water proofing techniques such roofs are constructed even in areas with heavy rain fall.

The advantages of flat roofs are:

(a) The roof can be used as a terrace for playing and celebrating functions.

(b) At any latter stage the roof can be converted as a floor by adding another storey.

(c) They can suit to any shape of the building.

(d) Over-head water tanks and other services can be located easily.

(e) They can be made fire proof easily compared to pitched roof.

The disadvantages of flat roofs are:

(a) They cannot cover large column free areas.

(b) Leakage problem may occur at latter date also due to development of cracks. Once leakage problem starts, it needs costly treatments.

(c) The dead weight of flat roofs is more.

(d) In places of snow fall flat roofs are to be avoided to reduce snow load.

(e) The initial cost of construction is more.

(f) Speed of construction of flat roofs is less

.

Types of Flat Roofs:

All the types listed for upper floors can be used as flat roofs.

2. Pitched Roofs: In the areas of heavy rain falls and snow fall sloping roof are used. The slope

of roof shall be more than 10°. They may have slopes as much as 45° to 60° also. The sloped roofs are known as pitched roofs. The sloping roofs are preferred in large spanned structures like workshops, factory buildings and ware houses. In all these roofs covering sheets like

A.C. sheet, G.I. sheets, tiles, slates etc. are supported on suitable structures. The pitched roofs are classified into

(a) Single roofs (b) Double or purlin roofs

(c) Trussed roofs.

(a) Single Roof:

If the span of roof is less than 5 m the following types of single roofs are used.

(i) Lean to roofs (ii) Coupled roofs

(iii) Coupled-close roof (iv) Collar beam roof

In all these roofs rafters placed at 600 mm to 800 mm spacing are main members taking load of the roof. Battens run over the rafters to support tiles. Figure 8.13 shows various types of single roofs.

(b) Double or Purlin Roofs:

If span exceeds, the cost of rafters increase and single roof becomes uneconomical. For spans more than 5 m double purlin roofs are preferred. The intermediate support is given to rafters by purlins supported over collar beams. Figure 8.14 shows a typical double or purlin roof.

10 Facts About Pakistan That You Never Knew

10 Facts About Pakistan That You Never Knew

You may have heard of Pakistan regarding Brazuca the official match of the football that has been done here for the FIFA World Cup 2014. Or you may have heard news of this unfortunate country media channels . Today we have collected 10 facts about Pakistan that you do not see every day on television. These facts blow your mind and may even change your perspective of the country.

1- High mountain ranges in the world

Highest mountain ranges in the world exist in this country. They include the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush mountain range in which four are present in the list of the 14 highest peaks in the world.  K-2, the second highest peak in the world, is also located in Pakistan.

2- The largest port on the high seas in the world

Gwadar port is the largest deepwater port in the world, located on the Arabian Sea in the southwest along the coastline of Baluchistan, Pakistan. This port is considered a lifeline for the economy of the region. Pakistan has agreed to collaborate with China to turn Gwadar commercial port in a large scale.

3- The highest international paved road

Do you know the “eighth wonder of the world” is located in Pakistan? Karakoram Highway was built at a height of 15397 ft between China and Pakistan. It is a popular tourist attraction in the region.

4- Second largest salt mine in the world

Khewara salt mines are the second largest and Pakistan’s oldest salt mines in the world. It was discovered by the troops of Alexander in 320 BC These salt mines are the main source of salt in the production of 350,000 tons per year worldwide. However, the salt mines reserves are estimated at about 600 million tonnes.

5- One of the largest desert in the world

Thar Desert is located on the border of Pakistan and India. It is the ninth largest subtropical wilderness in the world. This desert is 10,000 years old and was once a source of water for the Indus Valley civilization.

6- Highest Polo ground in the world

Shandur Top is located in Gilgit, Pakistan and called “Roof of the World” at 12,200 ft high. Each year, a polo match is played between teams from Chitral and Gilgit. People from all over the world come to watch this match.

7- The largest irrigation system of world

The largest irrigation network in the world are present in Pakistan. It serves 14.4 million hectares of cultivated land. The irrigation system is fed by water from the Indus River. The main features of the system are the three main storage tanks, namely, Tarbela and Chashma on the Indus River and Mangla on the Jhelum River; 19 dams; River channels 12 and 43 of independent irrigation with the total length of the main channels interchannel links is 58500 km.

8- The largest ambulance network in the world

Edhi Foundation is the largest organization of social assistance to non-profit world. This organization provides emergency services 24 hours, medical services and health care and shelter for orphans. Abdul Sattar Edhi began service from one piece and now it has more than 300 centers across the country. It has branches in other countries such as UK, USA, Canada, Japan and China.

9- First Islamic country to reach the nuclear power

Pakistan became the first Islamic country to go nuclear on 28 May 1998. The country secured its solidarity in the face of threats to its long enemy of your neighbors.

10. Over 50% of the world’s footballs are made in Pakistan

Sialkot is a city famous for manufacturing sports equipment. Hand-stitched soccer balls are a trademark of the city. Nearly 60 milion football are hand-stitched products in the world cup in the year of small businesses in Sialkot, Pakistan. This year, 42 million official soccer Brazuca were exported to Brazil for the FIFA World Cup 2014. Even NASA has tested this football and stated the best football ever made.

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