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ROOF DEFINATION

ROOF

Roof is the upper most portion of the building which protects the building from rain, wind and sun.

Various types of roofs used may be divided broadly into three types:

1. Flat roofs 2. Pitched roofs

3. Shells and folded plates.

Flat roofs are used in plains where rainfall is less and climate is moderate. Pitched roofs are preferred wherever rainfall is more. Shells and folded plate roofs are used to cover large column free areas required for auditoriums, factories etc. Brief description of these roofs is presented below:

1. Flat Roofs:

These roofs are nearly flat. However slight slope (not more than 10°) is given to drain out the rain water. All types of upper storey floors can serve as flat roofs. Many times top of these roofs are treated with water proofing materials-like mixing water proofing chemicals in concrete, providing coba concrete. With advent of reliable water proofing techniques such roofs are constructed even in areas with heavy rain fall.

The advantages of flat roofs are:

(a) The roof can be used as a terrace for playing and celebrating functions.

(b) At any latter stage the roof can be converted as a floor by adding another storey.

(c) They can suit to any shape of the building.

(d) Over-head water tanks and other services can be located easily.

(e) They can be made fire proof easily compared to pitched roof.

The disadvantages of flat roofs are:

(a) They cannot cover large column free areas.

(b) Leakage problem may occur at latter date also due to development of cracks. Once leakage problem starts, it needs costly treatments.

(c) The dead weight of flat roofs is more.

(d) In places of snow fall flat roofs are to be avoided to reduce snow load.

(e) The initial cost of construction is more.

(f) Speed of construction of flat roofs is less

.

Types of Flat Roofs:

All the types listed for upper floors can be used as flat roofs.

2. Pitched Roofs: In the areas of heavy rain falls and snow fall sloping roof are used. The slope

of roof shall be more than 10°. They may have slopes as much as 45° to 60° also. The sloped roofs are known as pitched roofs. The sloping roofs are preferred in large spanned structures like workshops, factory buildings and ware houses. In all these roofs covering sheets like

A.C. sheet, G.I. sheets, tiles, slates etc. are supported on suitable structures. The pitched roofs are classified into

(a) Single roofs (b) Double or purlin roofs

(c) Trussed roofs.

(a) Single Roof:

If the span of roof is less than 5 m the following types of single roofs are used.

(i) Lean to roofs (ii) Coupled roofs

(iii) Coupled-close roof (iv) Collar beam roof

In all these roofs rafters placed at 600 mm to 800 mm spacing are main members taking load of the roof. Battens run over the rafters to support tiles. Figure 8.13 shows various types of single roofs.

(b) Double or Purlin Roofs:

If span exceeds, the cost of rafters increase and single roof becomes uneconomical. For spans more than 5 m double purlin roofs are preferred. The intermediate support is given to rafters by purlins supported over collar beams. Figure 8.14 shows a typical double or purlin roof.

10 Facts About Pakistan That You Never Knew

10 Facts About Pakistan That You Never Knew

You may have heard of Pakistan regarding Brazuca the official match of the football that has been done here for the FIFA World Cup 2014. Or you may have heard news of this unfortunate country media channels . Today we have collected 10 facts about Pakistan that you do not see every day on television. These facts blow your mind and may even change your perspective of the country.

1- High mountain ranges in the world

Highest mountain ranges in the world exist in this country. They include the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush mountain range in which four are present in the list of the 14 highest peaks in the world.  K-2, the second highest peak in the world, is also located in Pakistan.

2- The largest port on the high seas in the world

Gwadar port is the largest deepwater port in the world, located on the Arabian Sea in the southwest along the coastline of Baluchistan, Pakistan. This port is considered a lifeline for the economy of the region. Pakistan has agreed to collaborate with China to turn Gwadar commercial port in a large scale.

3- The highest international paved road

Do you know the “eighth wonder of the world” is located in Pakistan? Karakoram Highway was built at a height of 15397 ft between China and Pakistan. It is a popular tourist attraction in the region.

4- Second largest salt mine in the world

Khewara salt mines are the second largest and Pakistan’s oldest salt mines in the world. It was discovered by the troops of Alexander in 320 BC These salt mines are the main source of salt in the production of 350,000 tons per year worldwide. However, the salt mines reserves are estimated at about 600 million tonnes.

5- One of the largest desert in the world

Thar Desert is located on the border of Pakistan and India. It is the ninth largest subtropical wilderness in the world. This desert is 10,000 years old and was once a source of water for the Indus Valley civilization.

6- Highest Polo ground in the world

Shandur Top is located in Gilgit, Pakistan and called “Roof of the World” at 12,200 ft high. Each year, a polo match is played between teams from Chitral and Gilgit. People from all over the world come to watch this match.

7- The largest irrigation system of world

The largest irrigation network in the world are present in Pakistan. It serves 14.4 million hectares of cultivated land. The irrigation system is fed by water from the Indus River. The main features of the system are the three main storage tanks, namely, Tarbela and Chashma on the Indus River and Mangla on the Jhelum River; 19 dams; River channels 12 and 43 of independent irrigation with the total length of the main channels interchannel links is 58500 km.

8- The largest ambulance network in the world

Edhi Foundation is the largest organization of social assistance to non-profit world. This organization provides emergency services 24 hours, medical services and health care and shelter for orphans. Abdul Sattar Edhi began service from one piece and now it has more than 300 centers across the country. It has branches in other countries such as UK, USA, Canada, Japan and China.

9- First Islamic country to reach the nuclear power

Pakistan became the first Islamic country to go nuclear on 28 May 1998. The country secured its solidarity in the face of threats to its long enemy of your neighbors.

10. Over 50% of the world’s footballs are made in Pakistan

Sialkot is a city famous for manufacturing sports equipment. Hand-stitched soccer balls are a trademark of the city. Nearly 60 milion football are hand-stitched products in the world cup in the year of small businesses in Sialkot, Pakistan. This year, 42 million official soccer Brazuca were exported to Brazil for the FIFA World Cup 2014. Even NASA has tested this football and stated the best football ever made.

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USE FULL INFORMATION FOR ALL CIVIL ENGINEERS

CONCRETE GRADE:

M5 = 1:4:8

M10= 1:3:6

M15= 1:2:4

M20= 1:1.5:3

M25= 1:1:2

CLEAR COVER TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT:

1.FOOTINGS : 50 mm

2.RAFT FOUNDATION.TOP : 50 mm

3.RAFT FOUNDATION.BOTTOM/SIDES : 75 mm

4.STRAP BEAM : 50 mm

5.GRADE SLAB : 20 mm

6.COLUMN : 40 mm

7.SHEAR WALL : 25 mm

8.BEAMS : 25 mm

9.SLABS : 15 mm

10.FLAT SLAB : 20 mm

11.STAIRCASE : 15 mm

12.RET. WALL : 20/ 25 mm on earth

13.WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES : 20/30 mm

WEIGHT OF ROD PER METER LENGTH:

DIA WEIGHT PER METER

6mm = 0.222Kg

8mm = 0.395 Kg

10mm = 0.616 Kg

12mm = 0.888 Kg

16mm = 1.578 Kg

20mm = 2.466 Kg

25mm = 3.853 Kg

32mm = 6.313 Kg

40mm = 9.865 Kg

1bag cement-50kg

1feet-0.3048m

1m-3.28ft

1sq.m-10.76sq.f ¬t

1cu.m-35.28cu.f ¬t

1acre-43560sq.f ¬t

1cent-435.6sq.f ¬t

1hectare-2.47ac ¬re

1acre-100cent-4 ¬046.724sq.m

1ground-2400sq. ¬ft

1unit-100cu.ft- ¬2.83cu.m 1square-100sq.f ¬t

1 M LENGTH STEEL ROD I ITS VOLUME

V=(Pi/4)*Dia x DiaX L=(3.14/4)x D x D X 1 (for

1m length) Density of Steel=7850 kg/ cub meter

Weight = Volume x Density=(3.14/4)x D x D X

1x7850 (if D is in mm ) So = ((3.14/4)x D x D X

1x7850)/(1000x1000) = Dodd/162.27

DESIGN MIX:

M10 ( 1 : 3.92 : 5.62)

Cement : 210 Kg/ M 3

20 mm Jelly : 708 Kg/ M 3

12.5 mm Jelly : 472 Kg/ M 3

River sand : 823 Kg/ M 3

Total water : 185 Kg/ M 3

Fresh concrete density: 2398 Kg/M 3

M20 ( 1 : 2.48 : 3.55)

Cement : 320 Kg/ M 3

20 mm Jelly : 683 Kg/ M 3

12.5 mm Jelly : 455 Kg/ M 3

River sand : 794 Kg/ M 3

Total water : 176 Kg/ M 3

Admixture : 0.7%

Fresh concrete density: 2430 Kg/ M 3

example 

M20 = 1:1.5:3 Volume = 1+1.5+3=(5.5 parts)

Total volume ingredients for using 2omm jelly =1.57 Volume of broken stone Require = (3/5.5) x 1.57 = .856 Cum

Volume of sand Require = (1.5/5.5 ) x 1.57 = .471 Cum

Volume of cement = (1/5.5) x 1.57 = .285 Cum = .285 x1440 = 411 kg = (8.22 bag )

For 1Cum of M20 ( 1:1.5:3 )

20mm jelly = 0.856 cu.m 

sand = 0.472 cu.m 

cement = 8.22 bag

M25 ( 1 : 2.28 : 3.27)

Cement : 340 Kg/ M 3

20 mm Jelly : 667 Kg/ M 3

12.5 mm Jelly : 445 Kg/ M 3

River sand : 775 Kg/ M 3

Total water : 185 Kg/ M 3

Admixture : 0.6%

Fresh concrete density: 2414 Kg/ M 3

Note: sand 775 + 2% moisture, Water185 -20.5 =

164 Liters,

Admixture = 0.5% is 100ml

M30 ( 1 : 2 : 2.87)

Cement : 380 Kg/ M 3

20 mm Jelly : 654 Kg/ M 3

12.5 mm Jelly : 436 Kg/ M 3

River sand : 760 Kg/ M 3

Total water : 187 Kg/ M 3

Admixture : 0.7%

Fresh concrete density: 2420 Kg/ M 3

Note: Sand = 760 Kg with 2% moisture

(170.80+15.20)

M35 ( 1 : 1.79 : 2.57)

Cement : 410 Kg/ M 3

20 mm Jelly : 632 Kg/ M 3

12.5 mm Jelly : 421 Kg/ M 3

River sand : 735 Kg/ M 3

Total water : 200 Kg/ M 3

Admixture : 0.7%

Fresh concrete density: 2400 Kg/ M 3

Note: sand = 735 + 2%, Water = 200- 14.7 =

185.30,

Admixture = 0.7%

M40 ( 1 : 1.67 : 2.39)

Cement : 430 Kg/ M 3

20 mm Jelly : 618 Kg/ M 3

12.5 mm Jelly : 412 Kg/ M 3

River sand : 718 Kg/ M 3

Water Cement ratio : 0.43

Admixture : 0.7%

Note: Sand = 718 + Bulk age 1%

M45 ( 1 : 1.58 : 2.26)

Cement : 450 Kg/ M 3

20 mm Jelly : 626 Kg/ M 3

12.5 mm Jelly : 417 Kg/ M 3

River sand : 727 Kg/ M 3 + Bulk age 1%

Water Cement ratio : 0.43

Admixture : 0.7%

M50 ( 1 : 1.44 : 2.23)

Cement : 450 Kg/ M 3

20 mm Jelly : 590 Kg/ M 3

12.5 mm Jelly : 483 Kg/ M 3

River sand : 689 Kg/ M 3 + Bulk age 12%

Water Cement ratio : 0.36 (188 Kg)

Admixture : 1.20%3

Micro silica : 30 Kg

Super flow 6.7% of cement

1 cubic meter contains 500 bricks

The Standard size of the 1st class brick is 190mm

x 90mm x

90mm and motor joint should be 10mm thick

So brick with motor=200 x 100 x 100.

Volume of 1st class brick = 0.19 x 0.09 X 0.09 =

0.001539

cu.m

Volume of 1st class brick with motor =0.2 x 0.1 x

0.1=0.002

cu.m

No. on bricks per 1cu.m= 1/volume of1st class

brick with

motor

=1/0.002

= 500 no’s of bricks

STANDARD CONVERSION FACTORS

INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETRE

FOOT = 0.3048 METRE

YARD = 0.9144 METRE

MILE = 1.6093 KILOMETER

ACRE = 0.4047 HECTARE

POUND = 0.4536 KILOGRAM

DEGREE FARENHEIT X 5/9 – 32 = DEGREE

CELSIUS

MILLIMETRE= 0.0394 INCH

METRE = 3.2808FOOT

METRE = 1.0936YARD

A rope having length 100cm.You can form any

shape using this rope (Example: Triangle,

Rectangle, etc.,). Which shape will covers

maximum area

1 Newton = o.101971 kg

1 mm2 = 0.01 cm2

1 cm2 = 100 mm2

1 mm2 = 20 N

100 mm2 = 2000N

1 cm2 = 2000N

2000 N = 203.942 kg

So 20 N/ mm2 = 203.942 kg / cm2

RATIO IS 1:1.5:3

then volume is 1+1.5+3=5.5 and the total volume

for using mix=1.57 m3 then cement required=1/

5.5*1.57=0.285m3*1440=411 kg. (8+bag)

sandrequried=1.5/5.5*1.57=0.471m3

aggregaterequired=3/5.5*1.57=0.853m3

the standard volume of dry mix mortar=1.57.. U

can check it in IS code also. Then volume is

1+1.5+3=5.5 and the total volume for using

mix=1.57 m3 then cement required=1/

5.5*1.57=0.285m3*1440=411 kg.(8+bag)

sandrequried=1.5/5.5*1.57=0.471m3

aggregaterequired=3/5.5*1.57=0.853m3

the standard volume of dry mix mortar=1.57.. U

can check it in IS code also.

MATERIAL CALCULATION:

CEMENT IN BAGS

01. PCC 1:5:10 1440/5*0.45 129.60Kg 2.59

02. PCC 1:4:8(M 7.5) 1440/4*0.45 162.00Kg 3.24

03. PCC 1:2:4(M 15) 1440/2*0.45 324.00Kg 6.48

04. PCC 1:3:6(M 10) 1440/3*0.45 216.00Kg 4.32

05. RCC 1:2:4(M 15) 144/2*0.45 324.00Kg 6.48

06. RCC 1:1.5:3(M 20) 1440/1.5*0.45 32.00Kg

8.64

07. RCC 1:1:2(M 25) 370.00Kg 7.40

08. RCC M 30 410.00Kg 8.20

09. RCC M35 445.00Kg 8.90

10. RCC M40 480.00Kg 9.60

11. Damp Proof Course

CM1:3,20mm tk 1440/3*0.022 10.56Kg 0.21

12. 2"tk precast slab M15 324*0.05 16.20Kg 0.32

13. 3"tk precast slab M15 324*0.075 24.30Kg

0.49

14. GC Masonry CM 1:7 1440/7*0.34 70.00Kg

1.40

15. Brick Work CM 1:6 1440/6*0.25 60.00Kg 1.20

16. Brick Work CM 1:4, 115tk 1440/4*0.25*0.115

10.35Kg 0.21

17. Grano Flooring CC 1:1.5:3 1440/1.5*0.45*0.05

21.60Kg 0.43

18. Plastering CM 1:3, 12mm tk 1440/3*0.014

6.72Kg 0.13

19. Wall Plastering CM 1:4,

12mm tk 1440/4*0.014 5.00Kg 0.10

20. Laying Pressed Tiles Over

a CM 1:4, 20mm tk 1440/4*0.022 7.92Kg 0.16

21. Ceramic Tiles, Marble,

Granite, Caddapah Slab

CM 1:4, 20mm tk 1440/4*0.022 7.92Kg 0.16

22. Hollow Block Masonry

CM 1:6, 200mm tk/m¬2¬ 10.00Kg 0.20

SAND CALCULATION (CFT):

01. Any Concrete Work

(PCC, RCC) 0.45*35.315= 20.00

02. Damp Proof Course

CM `1:3, 20mm tk 1.00

03. 2"tk Precast slab M15 1.00

04. 3"tk Precast slab M15 1.50

05. SS Masonry in CM 1:7 15.00

06. Brick Work in CM 1:6 15.00

07. Brick Work in CM 1:4,115mm tk 2.00

08. Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3 1.00

09. Plastering in CM 1:3, 12mm tk 1.00

10. Wall Plastering CM 1:4, 12mm tk 1.00

11. Laying Pressed Tiles over a CM 1:4, 20mm tk

1.00

12. Ceramic Tiles, Marble, Granite, Cuddapah slab

CM 1:4, 20mm tk 1.00

METAL CALCULATION:

01. Any Concrete Work 32.00 cft

02. Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3, 50mm tk 1.60

cft

03. Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3, 75mm tk 2.40

cft

04. Grano Flooring in CC 1:1.5:3, 100mm tk 3.20

cft

05. Bricks/cum 450.00 Nos

06. Size Stone/ cum 90.00 Nos

07. Rough Stone 10.00 cft

08. Bond Stone/ cum 10.00 Nos

09. Cement Paint/100 Sft 2.00 Kg

10. White Cement/100 Sft 2.00 Kg

11. Janathacem/100 Sft 1.50 Kg

12. Enamel Paint/100 Sft - 2 Coats 1.25 Litre

13. Wall Putty/100 Sft 10.00 Kg

14. Plaster of Paris/100 Sft 25.00 Kg

15. Distember/100 Sft 2.00 Kg

16. Cement Primer 0.60 Litre

0.40 Litre

17. Weathering Course

Lime 12.50 Kg

Brick bats 32.00 Kg

18. Providing Sand Gravel Mix- Cum

Sand 20.00 Cft

Gravel 40.00 Cft

19.WBM - 75mm tk - 1st Layer - 10 Sqm

Metel(60-40 mm) 35.00 Cft

Gravel 10.00 Cft

20. Pressed Tiles - Sqm 20.00 Nos

21. Hollow Block - 200mm tk 14.00 Nos

CONVERSION TABLE:

01. 1 RM 3.28 Rft

02. 1 Sqm 10.76 Sft

03. 1 Cum 35.32 Cft

04. 1 Inch 2.54 cm

05. 1 sft 0.09Sqm

06. 1 Acre 0.04 Hectare

07. 1 Hectare 2.47 Acres

08. 1 Cft 0.028 Cum

09. 1 Feet 12.00 Inch

10. 1 Feet 0.305 M

11. 1 Cum 1000.00 Litre

UNIT WEIGHT:

01. Concrete 25 kN/m3

02. Brick 19 kN/m3

03. Steel 7850 Kg/m3

04. Water 1000 Lt/m3

05. Cement 1440 Kg/m3

06. 1Gallon 4.81 Litres

07. Link 8" = 200mm

08. 1 Hectare 2.471 acr(10000m2)

09. 1 Acr 4046.82m2 = 100 cent

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH:

01. Compression 38d

02. Tension 47 & 60d

03. 1 Cent 435.60 Sft

04. 1 Meter 3.2808 ft

05. 1 M2 10.76 ft2

06. 1 Feet 0.3048m

07. 1 KN 100Kg

08. 1kN 1000N

09. 1 Ton 1000Kg = 10,000 N = 10 kN

10. 1 kG 9.81N

M5=2.54Bg/m3, M7.5=3.18Bg/m3, M10=4.32Bg/

m3,

M20=8.64Bg/m3, M25=12.9 Bg/m3,

M40=500+100Kg/m3

1m3 Conrete = 0.9 m3 Jelly + 0.55 m3 Sand +

0.225 m3

BRICK:

Weight = 3.17 - 3.80 Kg

Water absorption 12 to 15%

Compressive strength = 36Kn/cm2

230mm Wall/m3 = 460 Bricks + 20Cft Sand +

66Kg Cement

SSM 1:7/m3 = Slize 95 + Soiling 8 Cft +60.5 Kg

Current = 1000 Watts = 1 Unit, 25Watt*40Hr = 1

Unit

Sunshade = 65mm - 0.56 bag/m2,

= 90mm - 0.78 bag/m2

Tiles, Kotta, Marble - 0.33 bag/m2

Press Tiles - 0.2